וייטנאם–איראן: אותה מלחמה מצטברת — אותו סיום?
English translation following the Hebrew article
מאמר תגובה למאמרו של ג'ון ספנסר: "What Options Does the United States Have Left in Iran? Actually, Many." בו הוא מנתח את הלחימה האמריקאית-ישראלית באיראן כמערכה מדויקת של הרתעה והתשה.
https://spencerguard.substack.com/p/what-options-does-the-united-states
תמצית מאמרו של ספנסר:
ספנסר מתאר את האסטרטגיה האמריקאית-ישראלית נגד איראן כמערכה מדויקת ומבוקרת שמשלבת תקיפות אוויריות חזקות על מטרות צבאיות ומשטריות, תוך שמירה על לוגיקת "מדרגות" — עלייה מבוקרת בעוצמה כדי להרתיע את איראן ולאלץ אותה לבחור בין הסלמה, התמדה או משא ומתן.
הוא מדגיש כי איראן בנתה במשך שנים אסטרטגיית פרוקסיז, טילים ומלחמת התשה, אך היכולת האמריקאית-ישראלית להשמיד מטרות באופן מדויק משנה את מאזן הכוחות. עם זאת, ספנסר מציין שהתוצאה עדיין תלויה בהחלטת איראן — האם תבחר להמשיך במלחמת התשה ארוכה או שתיאלץ להתפשר.
בקצרה: ספנסר רואה בגישה הנוכחית אסטרטגיה חכמה של הרתעה והגבלה, אך מזהיר שהיא עלולה להפוך למלחמת התשה אם איראן לא תישבר.
גירסה מקוצרת
צבירה כנגד הכרעה
ארצות הברית מנהלת את המערכה נגד איראן בדפוס של מלחמה מצטברת: רצף של תקיפות, גריעה ומכות ענישה שנועדו לשנות בהדרגה את רצונה של טהרן. דפוס זה מאפשר לשלוט בעוצמתה של כל מכה, אך לא במספר המכות שיידרשו, לא במשך המלחמה ולא בתנאי סיומה. כל עוד מערכת המלחמה האיראנית מוסיפה לתפקד, היא יכולה להמשיך ליזום פעולות, ואילו סיום המלחמה תלוי בהחלטתה שמחיר השגתה נעשה כבד מדי.
כל סבב גורם נזק, אך אינו שולל מן היריב את היכולת ליזום את הסבב הבא. גם כאשר הנשיא טראמפ מציג אחוזים גבוהים של יכולות איראניות שהושמדו, נותרת השאלה שעליה הנתונים אינם משיבים: איזה מצב סיום אמורים אחוזי הגריעה ליצור?
הבעיה אינה מחסור בעוצמת אש, במודיעין או בטכנולוגיה. היא היעדר אסטרטגיה תחבולנית הכרעתית המזהה מה ישבית את מערכת המלחמה האיראנית ואיך לרכז לשם כך את הכוח הקיים ולהפעילו. במקום מנגנון הכרעה מופעל מנגנון הצטברות.
שליטה במדרגות הכוח — לא בתוצאה
התקיפות האמריקניות, גם כשהן מדויקות ועוצמתיות, מתנהלות במידה רבה בתגובה לפעולות איראניות: איראן פועלת; ארצות הברית מענישה; איראן מסתגלת ומגיבה; וושינגטון משיבה בגל נוסף. זהו מנגנון שחיקה מסוכן, שבו הצד המוכן להתמיד זמן רב יותר עשוי לקבוע את מועד הסיום.
ריכוז המאמץ האמריקני בזירת הורמוז מדגים היטב את הבעיה. הוא עשוי להשיג הישג אופרטיבי חשוב ולפגוע קשות ביכולת האיראנית לפעול במצר, אך אין בו כשלעצמו מנגנון המשבית את מערכת המלחמה האיראנית הארצית כולה. ריכוז מאמץ בזירת משנה אינו בהכרח ריכוז מאמץ בנקודת ההכרעה של המלחמה.
הדמיון לווייטנאם: לא גאוגרפיה — היגיון מלחמתי
ההשוואה לווייטנאם אינה טכנולוגית, גאוגרפית או מבצעית, אלא דוקטרינרית. בשתי המלחמות הופעל כוח רב כדי לגרום נזק מצטבר כדי לשנות את רצון האויב — בלי מהלך תחבולני הכרעתי השולל ממנו את היכולת להמשיך לפעול באופן אפקטיבי.
בווייטנאם הופעלו לחץ מדורג ומלחמת "חיפוש והשמדה"; באיראן מופעלת גם כן בלחץ מדורג "דוקטרינת השלילה" (Denial). הדוקטרינות אינן זהות, אך הן חולקות היגיון מצטבר:
- ההצלחה נמדדת בתפוקות — גיחות, מטרות ואחוזי השמדה.
- האויב מקבל זמן להסתגל לכל מדרגת לחץ.
- משך המלחמה תלוי במועד שבו ישתנה רצונו.
- הזמן פועל לטובת הצד הנחוש יותר.
כך נולד בווייטנאם "כשל מקנמארה" — הנטייה להחליף את בחינת התוצאה האסטרטגית בספירת תפוקות כמותיות. גם באיראן עלולה ספירת המטרות ואחוזי ההשמדה להחליף את בחינת התוצאה האסטרטגית.
בשתי המלחמות תרמה לכך הליכה שבי אחר מהפכה טכנולוגית: בווייטנאם — המחשוב והבקרה הריכוזית; באיראן — מודיעין מדויק וירי מנגד מדויק ועוצמתי. הטכנולוגיה יצרה יכולת מרשימה לשלוט בפרטי הביצוע, אך לא פתרה את שאלת ההכרעה. שליטה בפרטים אינה שליטה בתוצאת המלחמה.
החלופה: מעבר להכרעה יזומה
הכרעה אינה סכום המטרות שנפגעו. היא תוצאה של מהלך תחבולני המזהה את מרכז הכובד של מערכת המלחמה היריבה — אחת ממערכות־העל שלה או הממשק החיוני ביניהן — ושולל ממנה את היכולת להמשיך לפעול באופן אפקטיבי.
המעבר מהצטברות להכרעה מחייב:
- תחבולה המזהה מה יכריע את המערכת ואיך לעשות זאת במשאבים הנתונים.
- ריכוז המאמץ בנקודת ההכרעה, במרחב ובזמן.
- מיצוי מיטבי של המשאבים לשם יצירת עוצמה עדיפה על זו של האויב בנקודת ההכרעה.
- שילוב בין ירי מנגד מדויק לבין תמרון קרקעי מוגבל, רק במקום שבו האש לבדה אינה מספיקה.
- יצירת השפעה מערכתית המונעת מן היריב להסתגל ולהוסיף לפעול כמכלול.
- שלילת יכולתו של האויב, בלי להמתין לכך שהנזק המצטבר ישנה את רצונו.
העוצמה והטכנולוגיה הנדרשות לכך כבר מצויות בידי ארצות הברית. השתתפות ישראלית אינה תנאי הכרחי, אך היא יכולה לשמש מכפיל כוח, להאיץ את ההכרעה ולקצר משמעותית את משך המלחמה. מה שחסר אינו כוח, אלא מצביאות.
Vietnam–Iran: The Same Cumulative War — The Same Ending?
Dr. Hanan Shai
A response article to John Spencer's article: "What Options Does the United States Have Left in Iran? Actually, Many." in which he analyzes the American-Israeli warfare in Iran as a precise campaign of deterrence and attrition.
Summary of Spencer's article:
Spencer describes the American-Israeli strategy against Iran as a precise and controlled campaign that combines powerful aerial strikes on military and regime targets, while maintaining a "ladder" logic — a measured escalation in force designed to deter Iran and force it to choose between escalation, endurance, or negotiations.
He emphasizes that Iran has spent years building a strategy of proxies, missiles, and attrition warfare, but the American-Israeli ability to destroy targets with precision is shifting the balance of power. Nevertheless, Spencer notes that the outcome still depends on Iran's decision — whether it will choose to continue a prolonged war of attrition or be forced to compromise.
In short: Spencer views the current approach as a smart strategy of deterrence and limitation, but warns that it may turn into a war of attrition if Iran does not break.
Article Summary:
Cumulative War vs. Decisive War
The United States is conducting its campaign against Iran in a pattern of cumulative war: a series of strikes, attrition, and punitive blows intended to gradually change Tehran’s will. This pattern allows control over the intensity of each strike, but not over the number of strikes required, the duration of the war, or its terms of conclusion. As long as Iran’s war machine continues to function, it can continue to initiate actions, while the end of the war depends on its decision that the price has become too heavy.
Each round causes damage but does not deprive the enemy of the ability to initiate the next round. Even when President Trump presents high percentages of Iranian capabilities that have been destroyed, the question that the data do not answer remains: what end-state are these percentages of attrition supposed to create?
The problem is not a lack of firepower, intelligence, or technology. It is the absence of a decisive maneuver strategy that identifies what will disable Iran’s war machine and how to concentrate and employ the existing force to achieve that. Instead of a mechanism of decision, a mechanism of accumulation is being employed.
Control over the Rungs of Power — Not over the Outcome
American strikes, even when precise and powerful, are largely reactive to Iranian actions: Iran acts; the United States punishes; Iran adapts and responds; Washington responds with another wave. This is a dangerous attrition mechanism in which the side willing to endure longer may determine the timing of the end.
The American concentration of effort in the Hormuz zone illustrates the problem well. It may achieve an important operational success and severely damage Iran’s ability to operate in the strait, but it does not by itself constitute a mechanism that disables Iran’s national war machine as a whole. Concentration of effort in a secondary theater is not necessarily concentration of effort at the decisive point of the war.
The Similarity to Vietnam: Not Geography — But War Logic
The comparison to Vietnam is not technological, geographical, or operational, but doctrinal. In both wars, the United States employed massive force to accumulate damage and change the enemy’s will — without a decisive maneuver that deprives it of the ability to continue operating effectively.
In Vietnam, graduated pressure and “Search and Destroy” were employed; in Iran, the “Denial” doctrine is also applied in a graduated manner. The doctrines are not identical, but they share a cumulative logic:
- Success is measured in outputs — sorties, targets, and percentages of destruction.
- The enemy is given time to adapt to each level of pressure.
- The duration of the war depends on when its will changes.
- Time works in favor of the more determined side.
This is how “McNamara’s Fallacy” was born in Vietnam — the tendency to replace examination of the strategic outcome with quantitative output counting. In Iran too, counting targets and percentages of destruction risks replacing examination of the strategic outcome.
In both wars, this was contributed to by falling captive to a technological revolution: in Vietnam — computing and centralized control; in Iran — precise intelligence and precise, powerful standoff fire. The technology created impressive ability to control the details of execution, but did not solve the question of decision. Control over details is not control over the outcome of the war.
The Alternative: Transition to Initiated Decision
Decision is not the sum of targets hit. It is the result of a maneuver that identifies the center of gravity of the enemy’s war machine — one of its super-systems or the vital interface between them — and deprives it of the ability to continue operating effectively.
The transition from accumulation to decision requires:
- A maneuver that identifies what will decide the system and how to do it with the available resources.
- Concentration of effort at the point of decision, in space and time.
- Optimal exploitation of resources to create superior power at the point of decision.
- Integration of precise, powerful standoff fire with limited ground maneuver, only where fire alone is insufficient.
- Creation of systemic effect that prevents the enemy from adapting and continuing to operate as a whole.
- Deprivation of the enemy’s capability, without waiting for accumulated damage to change its will.
The power and technology required for this already exist in the hands of the United States. Israeli participation is not a necessary condition, but it can serve as a force multiplier, accelerate decision, and significantly shorten the duration of the war. What is missing is not power, but generalship.
There Is No Cheap Option of Withdrawal
In Vietnam, the United States ultimately had the option of withdrawal. The Paris Accords allowed it to extract its forces and return the POWs, even though they did not create stable peace or guarantee the survival of South Vietnam. When the South collapsed two years later, the damage to the United States was severe in terms of image and strategy, but it did not give North Vietnam the ability to inflict ongoing damage on the global economy or directly threaten many countries outside Indochina.
In Iran the situation is different. The United States cannot simply stop fighting, withdraw from the arena, and leave the results behind. Iran continues to hold the ability to harm countries in the region, American forces, shipping lanes, energy infrastructure, and global economic activity. Withdrawal without depriving it of these capabilities will not end the war; it will leave Tehran with the option to renew it at a time and under conditions convenient to it.
A political settlement or sanctions regime is also no substitute for decision. An agreement without a mechanism that deprives Iran of the ability to violate it depends on its will to uphold it. Sanctions have caused Iran significant damage, but they have not prevented it from adapting, bypassing them, rebuilding capabilities, and continuing on its path.
Failure will also have meaning that extends beyond Iran. Its survival and renewed empowerment will strengthen the Chinese sphere of influence, deepen its dependence on Beijing, and force the United States to continue investing in the Middle East forces and resources it needs for its confrontation with China. A non-decisive outcome in Iran may thus indirectly strengthen the competitor that the United States defines as its primary reference challenge.
Therefore, the goal of the war must change from changing the regime’s will to depriving it of capability. The required decision is the disabling of the mechanisms that allow the regime to maintain its control, finance and operate its war machine, and continue imposing its will by force. This does not necessarily mean dismantling the Iranian state or denying essential services to its citizens, but rather severing the connections between the regime, its mechanisms of coercion, and the sources of its military, political, and economic power.
Disabling this system may lead to the disintegration of the regime and the rise of another government. However, regime change is not an outcome the United States can guarantee or fully shape. The outcome it can impose is that the current regime, if it continues to exist, will no longer be able to manage the war machine through which it threatens the region and the world.
Therefore, attrition, punishment, or a temporary arrangement are no longer sufficient. There is no longer any point in waiting for the regime to change its will. It is necessary to deprive it of the ability to realize it.
The Full Article
When President Donald Trump was asked whether the ongoing bombings of Iran are “the new normal” for the American public, he replied: “We were in Vietnam for nineteen years. Here we are four months.”
Immediately afterward, Trump listed the campaign’s achievements in percentages. According to him, the United States has destroyed 92 percent of Iran’s drone production capacity and 89 percent of its missile production capacity. He even described the war almost as a “military skirmish.” The remarks were made in his conversation with Kaitlan Collins at the White House on July 13.
Chronologically, Trump is correct: four months are not nineteen years. Strategically, his answer misses the important question.
The Vietnam War did not last many years because it was long from the beginning. It became long because the United States employed massive force in it without building a war mechanism capable of bringing about decision.
Such a mechanism is created through a decisive maneuver strategy that is supposed to answer two questions: what will decide the enemy, and how can it be decided with the available resources? From the answers to these two questions, it is possible to estimate in advance the expected duration of the war and to direct the employment of force toward a defined end-state.
The opposite of decisive war is a pattern of attrition, depletion, and gradual accumulation of achievements. In such a pattern, it is impossible to know in advance how much damage will be required to change the enemy’s will. Therefore, it is impossible to estimate the duration of the war, determine an expected end date, or control its terms.
The end mechanism remains in the hands of the enemy. If it is an authoritarian regime and a society willing to bear suffering and hardship, the decision to change its will may be made only after a prolonged war. In such a situation, the likelihood increases that a democratic society, committed to prosperity and peace and more sensitive to casualties and the prolongation of war, will break first and initiate its end without achieving its goals.
Long wars always begin as short wars. The determining question is not how much time has passed since the first shot, but whether the way force is employed brings the war closer to a political end-state on our terms — or merely allows it to continue hitting the enemy, depleting its capabilities, absorbing its responses, pausing for negotiations, and renewing fire in the next round.
Trump’s answer precisely illustrates the problem. He was asked about the duration and nature of the war and replied with attrition data. He presented how much of the enemy’s capability had already been destroyed, but did not explain what end-state these percentages are supposed to create.
Even if the data are accurate, they do not answer the strategic question: Has Iran’s war machine been disabled? Has Iran lost its ability to continue operating effectively? And have the American war goals been achieved?
This is “McNamara’s Fallacy” in its updated version: replacing examination of the outcome of the war with counting its outputs.
Four Months Confirming What Was Clear from the Start
The American pattern of fighting in Iran was clear already at the opening of the war. The United States embarked on a path of cumulative war: strikes, attrition, denial of achievements, and punishment, intended to gradually change Iran’s will.
Four months after the start of the war, President Trump’s words confirm what could have been identified in advance. The United States controls the intensity of each strike, the choice of targets, and its timing. It does not control the number of strikes required until Iran changes its will, nor can it guarantee that it will not be the side whose will is worn down first.
The United States thus controls the rungs of power, but not the duration of the process or its outcome.
This is the time to decide where Washington is heading. If it continues to act in the same way, it may find itself in a second Vietnam War — not because Iran resembles Vietnam and not because the conditions of the arena are the same, but because the logic of force employment is similar: cumulative attrition intended to change will without depriving the ability to continue effective war.
If this were merely a newspaper article, one could now hear a call similar to the one made on airplanes when a passenger feels unwell:
Is there a general in the area?
It is not power that is lacking — it is decision.
It is still possible to change direction. The transition from an accumulative war to a war of decision is already feasible within the framework of the American power present in the arena.
The United States has sufficient air, naval, and intelligence power to conduct a decisive campaign even on its own. Israeli participation is not a necessary condition for decision, but its participation would not only add to the overall power — it could reshape the pace of the decision and significantly shorten the duration of the war.
American sensitivity to casualties does not require giving up on decision. It requires shaping a decision that suits America’s relative advantages: basing the main effort on precise and powerful standoff fire, supplemented by limited and focused ground maneuver only as needed to neutralize the chosen system for decision.
This is not a choice between only two extreme options — continuing the existing accumulative war or a full-scale ground invasion of Iran. A third option exists: a war of decision whose core is precise and powerful standoff fire, supplemented by limited ground maneuver only where standoff fire alone cannot achieve the required systemic outcome.
The question is not whether the United States has enough power. The question is whether this power is employed in a dispersed manner as a sequence of attrition strikes, or concentrated through a clever strategy in a mechanism capable of disabling the Iranian war machine.
Concentration of Effort in a Secondary Theater
In recent days, it has been evident that the United States is concentrating an intensive effort against assets and infrastructure in southern Iran, mainly in the Strait of Hormuz theater. The strikes have hit, among other things, transportation bridges and electricity and water desalination infrastructure.
These are vital assets, and attacking them may achieve important gains in the Hormuz theater. However, the effort is concentrated in a secondary operational theater rather than against the Iranian strategic system as a whole. Moreover, it is being applied in a gradual manner, rather than in the simultaneous blitzkrieg required by the principles of concentration of effort and optimal utilization of power in order to generate systemic strategic shock and prevent adaptation.
Geographic concentration of effort is not necessarily strategic concentration of effort. It is possible to concentrate great power in a specific place, but if that place is not the center of gravity of the enemy’s war system, the result will be an important operational achievement — not strategic decision in the war.
The effort in Hormuz may solve a localized crisis. In and of itself, it does not contain a mechanism for disabling the nationwide Iranian system that connects the regime, the economy, sources of funding, the army, the Revolutionary Guards, missile and drone arrays, the nuclear program, and the proxy infrastructure.
Punishment in Response to Enemy Success
The accumulative pattern is also evident in the American response following the killing of two American soldiers and the disappearance of another. For hours, the United States conducted an intensive effort against Iranian targets. The purpose of the operation was explicitly defined as punishing the Revolutionary Guards and further degrading Iran’s ability to threaten shipping in the Strait of Hormuz.
Tactically, the strike may have been very successful. It hit many targets, demonstrated power, and exacted a price from Iran. Strategically, however, it once again illustrated the reactive pattern:
Iran initiates and strikes; the United States punishes; Iran adapts and responds; the United States responds with another wave.
Every round causes damage, but it does not deny Iran the ability to initiate the next round. The strategic initiative therefore remains in its hands. Iran decides when to act, and the United States decides the severity of the punishment after the action.
This is a clear pattern of a war of attrition and exhaustion, similar in its logic to Vietnam. The way to reduce American exhaustion is not to promise heavier punishment after every Iranian success, but to seize the initiative and deny Iran the ability to continue producing successes that require punishment.
Hence the alternative: instead of waiting for the next Iranian action in order to respond to it, the United States should decisively seize the initiative and neutralize the system that enables Iran to act.
Washington must therefore decide now where it is headed: whether it continues to conduct an accumulative war, whose end depends on Iran’s decision to yield; or whether it formulates a strategy of decision, identifies what will decide the Iranian war system and how it can be done with the resources already at its disposal
Here the comparison to Vietnam begins.
Different Wars — Shared Accumulative Logic
One should not claim that Iran is Vietnam. The geography is different, the technology is different, the enemy’s structure is different, the society is different, the balance of forces is different, and the form of warfare is different.
The similarity lies on a deeper level: in the logic of war.
In both wars, the United States applied enormous power to accumulate damage and change the enemy’s will, without building a mechanism that denies it the ability to continue fighting and achieves a decisive, coercive outcome on American terms.
In Vietnam, graduated pressure was applied, and on the ground a “search and destroy” war was waged intended to wear down enemy forces. In Iran, the “Denial” doctrine (Danial) is being applied — degrading capabilities, thwarting achievements, and punishing actions — but without disabling the Iranian war system as a whole.
These are not identical doctrines, but in both, damage to capability is partial and indirect: it is intended to accumulate until it causes the enemy to change its will. Because the enemy’s ability to continue operating effectively is not denied, the end of the war depends on its decision once the price becomes too heavy.
The doctrine of decision works in the opposite direction. It denies the enemy the ability to act effectively and does not concern itself with changing its will. The assumption is that without capability, the enemy will be forced to yield; and if it does not, the systematic dismantling of its capabilities will continue until it can no longer function as an effective war system.
Vietnam: Graduated Pressure Without a Decision Mechanism
The doctrine of graduated pressure in Vietnam was designed to allow the United States to apply force without being dragged into an all-out war against China or the Soviet Union. Instead of immediately applying full power against the North Vietnamese system, a sequence of pressure rungs was chosen.
Each rung was meant to convey a message: if Hanoi continues the war, the price will rise. If it does not change its will, another rung will follow. At the same time, a door was left open for negotiations.
The doctrine’s goal was not to deny North Vietnam the ability to fight, but to cause it to decide that it no longer wanted to fight at the required price.
Hence its built-in weakness. The United States controlled the power of each rung, but Hanoi controlled the number of rungs that would be required. As long as it was willing to pay the price, the war could continue.
The graduated approach also gave North Vietnam time to learn, disperse, conceal, repair, change supply routes, strengthen air defenses, and adapt to the next pressure rung. Instead of systemic shock, a prolonged mutual learning process was created.
On the ground, the “search and destroy” doctrine was applied. Using fire superiority, air mobility, helicopters, and large forces, the United States sought to locate enemy forces, destroy them, and reach a crossover point where their losses exceeded their ability to recruit and replace fighters.
Here too the logic was accumulative: another operation, another clash, more losses to the enemy and further degradation of its power — until its will would break.
But the enemy determined when to fight, where to fight, and when to disappear. It could avoid battles under unfavorable conditions, absorb losses, renew forces, and continue fighting. The United States won many battles but did not create a situation in which North Vietnam lost the ability to continue the war.
This is why tactical victories did not accumulate into strategic victory.
Colby’s Denial Doctrine
The Denial doctrine of Elbridge Colby, being applied in the fighting against Iran, was built first and foremost for limited war and to prevent an adversary — mainly China — from quickly achieving a defined military objective. Its purpose is to deny the adversary the ability to achieve a fait accompli and to prevent a success that would undermine American alliances.
There is a distinction between denying the ability to achieve a specific objective and deciding the entire war system. Denying a specific objective can be a very important strategic achievement, but when implemented as a sequence of partial degradations, without a move that disables the enemy system, it leaves the enemy with the ability to adapt, change its mode of operation, and renew the campaign.
In its application against Iran, denial is not applied as a single move that prevents a defined achievement and closes the campaign. It has become a continuous pattern: strikes on missile and drone arrays, denial of freedom of action in certain theaters, attacks on infrastructure, punishment after Iranian actions, and examination of Tehran’s response.
Thus, denial becomes a war of degradation. It damages capability in order ultimately to influence will — but it does not deny Iran the ability to continue operating as a war system.
A separate article titled “The War in Iran Under the Test of Colby’s Doctrine” was devoted to a broad analysis of Colby’s doctrine and its implications. For the purpose of this discussion, one conclusion suffices: when Denial is not connected to a decision mechanism, it may turn into a path of accumulative war over which there is no control of duration.
Harkabi: Limited War and the Danger of Loss of Control
The distinctions between limited, absolute, total, and uncontrolled war should not be attributed to Colby. The framework we are using here is that of Yehoshafat Harkabi.
The important point for our purposes is not only the intensity of a war, but the ability to control its development. A war can begin as limited in its goals and means, but become uncontrolled when the sides lack an agreed or imposed termination mechanism.
Accumulative war appears controlled because every strike is weighed and measured. However, control over each individual strike does not guarantee control over the entire process. On the contrary: when it is unknown which strike will change the enemy’s will, there is in fact no control over the number of strikes, the duration of the war, or the overall price.
Tactical control may thus disguise strategic loss of control.
Captivation by the Technological Revolution
In both Vietnam and Iran, the management of the war was influenced by captivation with a technological revolution.
In Vietnam, it was the revolution in computing, data processing, and operations research. McNamara and his people sought to turn the war into a measurable, controllable, and rationally manageable system. The number of sorties, the quantity of bombs, the number of operations, the areas cleared, enemy losses, and attrition ratios were collected, processed, and presented as a system of progress indicators.
When reality is complex, it is tempting to manage it through what can be counted. Thus was born the “McNamara Fallacy”: the assumption that the accumulation of positive metrics proves progress toward the strategic outcome.
However, counting enemy losses does not answer the question of whether the enemy has lost the ability to fight. The number of sorties does not indicate that the war is approaching its end. The quantity of bombs does not constitute an end-state.
The technology also encouraged extreme centralization. Decisions on targets and the intensity of strikes were made in Washington. The statement attributed to President Lyndon Johnson — that it was impossible to bomb even a toilet in Vietnam without his approval — expresses this perception of control: the political center believed that control over every operational detail would give it control over the war.
In practice, the opposite happened. The more Washington controlled the details, the harder it became for it to notice that it had no control over the outcome.
In Iran, the technological revolution is different, but the temptation is similar. Precise intelligence, artificial intelligence, real-time collection, precision munitions, and standoff fire enable rapid target location and strikes from great distances.
These are impressive and vital capabilities. The problem is not the technology itself, but the doctrinal conclusion derived from it: that if many targets can be seen and struck precisely, decision can be achieved through the accumulation of strikes.
Thus, kill percentages replace body counts; the number of launchers, headquarters, ships, and production facilities hit replaces the number of sorties and tonnage dropped in Vietnam.
But here too the same question remains: how do the strikes turn into an end-state?
The technology provides impressive control over outputs. It does not itself produce strategy, identify the point of decision, or decide which system must be disabled so that the enemy can no longer continue the war.
Control over the details of execution is not control over the outcome of the war.
The same technology can also serve decision. For that, it must be subordinated to a decisive stratagem, concentrated at the point of decision, and employed in a time and manner that creates systemic effect — rather than dispersed across an ever-lengthening list of targets.
The Minuet War
In a previous article titled “Minuet War in the Heart of the 21st Century,” we described the “Minuet War”: a war in which both sides move in measured steps, test each other’s reactions, and are careful not to deviate from the pace that has formed between them.
One side acts; the other responds in measure; the first replies; and both leave themselves an opening to stop and negotiate. The dance appears controlled, but it may continue because neither side makes a move that breaks the other’s pattern of action.
The war in Iran is taking on such characteristics. Each side calibrates its action according to the adversary’s response. Every strike is also a message. Every punishment invites renewed examination by the enemy.
The problem is not only that the war is prolonged. The main issue is that the initiative shifts between the sides instead of being denied to the enemy through a decisive move. As long as Iran can add another step to the dance, the United States does not control its end.
The full analysis of this pattern is discussed in the article devoted to the “Minuet Dance.” Here it suffices to state that strategic minuet is not a stable middle ground between war and peace. It is a mechanism that perpetuates limited war that has no known termination point.
Against Accumulation — The Doctrine of Decision
The doctrine of decision does not wait for the enemy to be convinced, to despair, to recoil, or to prefer compromise. Its will is of no interest to it.
It does not deny will directly and does not act upon it. It denies capability. Once capability is denied, will loses the possibility of expressing itself as effective military action.
The enemy will surrender when it realizes it can no longer achieve its goal. If it does not surrender, a systematic process of dismantling its capabilities will continue until it can no longer function as a war system. In both cases, the outcome does not depend on an early change in the enemy’s mind.
This is the crucial difference:
- Graduated pressure and partial denial damage capability in order to change will, without achieving decision.
- The doctrine of decision denies capability and does not wait for a change in will.
In decision, the will can remain stubborn. If the enemy has no capability to realize it, its stubbornness no longer determines the outcome of the war.
Inchon: Not More Power — Stratagem
The classic example of a decisive stratagem move is the Inchon landing planned by General Douglas MacArthur in the Korean War.
In the summer of 1950, North Korean forces had captured almost all of South Korea. South Korean and American forces were pushed back into the Pusan perimeter in the southeast of the peninsula. The North Koreans concentrated their main force on the defensive front around Pusan, in an effort to complete the conquest of the South.
In a defensive war, the rear area is usually less protected than the front, because the main force is tied down to the defensive front. This was also the case with the North Koreans: the main force was in the south, while the rear — although vital for supply lines, movement, and command — remained relatively unprotected.
MacArthur did not try to accumulate more and more power opposite the place where the enemy was strong. He chose to land at Inchon, deep in the North Korean rear and near Seoul.
Inchon was considered an extremely difficult place for a landing due to the tides, mudflats, and complex maritime access. Precisely for that reason, the North Koreans estimated that the Americans would not choose it, and its defense was relatively weak.
The stratagem was not the surprise itself. Surprise in a place where the enemy is strong may end in failure. The stratagem was the choice of the vital and less-protected rear area, and turning it into the main theater of combat for the North Koreans.
Such a move is called inversion.
MacArthur inverted the structure of the campaign. Instead of continuing to fight on the Pusan front, where the enemy enjoyed concentrated power, he shifted the main effort to its rear. In that place, American forces could create quantitative and local superiority over the small North Korean force facing them.
The Inchon landing, together with the breakout from the Pusan perimeter, severed the supply and retreat lines of the North Korean forces and forced them to deal with a threat in their rear. The campaign in South Korea collapsed quickly.
MacArthur did not try to convince the enemy that the price of war was too high, nor did he wait for its mind to change. He denied it the ability to continue the campaign in South Korea.
MacArthur did not change the enemy’s mind at Inchon. Through the inversion, he denied it the possibility that its mind would continue to be relevant to the outcome of the campaign.
The Three Principles that Converged at Inchon
Commandership wisdom here rests on three foundational and complementary principles of war: stratagem that generates decision, concentration of effort toward the point of decision, and optimal utilization of the resources available to the attacker to create superior power over the enemy at the point of decision.
The three principles converge when the center of gravity of the defense is not where the enemy is strong, but where it is most dependent and least protected — as was the case with the North Korean rear at Inchon.
The stratagem identified the possibility of turning the rear into the main theater of combat. Concentration of effort moved the bulk of the force there. Utilization of resources created local superiority in that place, without the need to build superiority across all spaces of the campaign.
The same force, had it been added to the Pusan front, would have been worn down against a prepared and concentrated enemy. Its employment at Inchon dismantled the entire system. This is the difference between adding power and commandership.
The Challenge: Identifying the Iranian Inchon
The conclusion is not that one should copy the Inchon landing or look for an Iranian port for a landing. Inchon is not an operational recipe. It is a way of thinking.
Iran is a complex war system composed of two integrated super-systems.
The first is the political-economic system: the regime, state institutions, the economy, funding capability, internal legitimacy, control over society, and the ability to recruit resources for war.
The second is the military-strategic system: conventional forces, the Revolutionary Guards, missile and drone arrays, military infrastructure, the nuclear program, proxies, and the ability to operate them.
The two systems feed each other. The political-economic system funds, operates, and sustains the military system. The military system protects the regime, deters its enemies, and enables it to project power inside and outside Iran.
Commandership wisdom is to identify which of the two is the supreme center of gravity — the one whose decision or neutralization will also drag down or severely weaken the other. It is possible that the center of gravity is not in one system separately, but in the vital interface connecting them.
The two main possibilities are:
- Decision against the military-strategic system, in a way that weakens the regime or prevents it from continuing to operate the war system.
- Decision against the regime’s political-economic control system, in a way that causes the military system, the nuclear program, and the proxies to lose funding, command, and operational capability.
The real strategic question is therefore: which of the two — or which interface between them — is the “Iranian Inchon”? Where is the point where a sharp and concentrated strike will also disable or disrupt the other system, without requiring separate and full decision against both?
This is precisely the distinction between prolonged attrition war and a focused decisive move.
The current effort in the Hormuz theater may be important, but it deals with a secondary theater. Striking another launcher, another vessel, another bridge, or another facility does not in itself become an Inchon. It becomes one only if it is part of a stratagem that collapses the systemic structure on which Iran’s ability to continue the war rests.
Finding the Iranian Inchon therefore requires three things: identifying what will decide; concentrating effort there in space and time; and utilizing resources so that superior power is created at the point of decision, preventing the Iranian system from adapting and recovering.
Why Vietnam Allowed Retreat — and Iran Does Not
In Vietnam, the United States ultimately had the option of retreat. The Paris Accords of 1973 allowed it to withdraw its forces and repatriate the prisoners of war. The agreement did not create stable peace and did not stop the war between North and South; both sides violated it and fighting continued. In 1975 South Vietnam collapsed and the Americans fled Saigon.
The failure severely damaged America’s standing, credibility, and its South Vietnamese ally. Nevertheless, North Vietnam did not hold levers that allowed it to disrupt the global economy, threaten vital energy routes, or harm many countries outside the Indochina theater.
Iran is different in this regard. The United States does not have a simple option to cease fire, leave the arena, and leave the results behind. Iran can harm countries in the region, American forces, shipping routes, and energy infrastructure, and operate forces and proxies beyond its borders.
The Strait of Hormuz illustrates the significance. In 2024, quantities of oil equivalent to one-fifth of global oil and liquid fuel consumption, as well as one-fifth of global liquefied natural gas trade, passed through it. For most of these quantities, there are no practical alternative routes with similar capacity. Therefore, Iran’s ability to threaten the strait is not merely a regional problem, but a lever of coercion against the global economy.
Ceasing the fighting without denying these capabilities will not end the war. It will leave Tehran with the ability to recover, rebuild its power, and reopen the campaign at a time and under conditions convenient for it.
Why an Arrangement or Sanctions Are Not Enough
The word “arrangement” may create a misleading impression, as if signing is enough to create a stable end-state. Historical experience teaches that an agreement cannot substitute for a power mechanism that ensures its existence.
The Paris Accords illustrate this. They enabled the American exit from Vietnam but did not decide the war and did not ensure the survival of South Vietnam. The agreement gave a political form to the American retreat; it did not create the strategic outcome for which the United States entered the war.
An arrangement with Iran, without a mechanism behind it that denies the regime the ability to violate it, depends on its will to uphold it. If the regime’s military, economic, and coercive system remains intact, it can use the lull to recover, renew capabilities, and resume operations.
Sanctions are also not a substitute for decision. They caused Iran significant damage and limited its resources, but did not prevent the regime from adapting, developing bypass methods, continuing to build power, and re-employing it. Sanctions are another pattern of accumulative pressure: they damage capability partially in the hope that the price will change will.
An arrangement can anchor a decision that has been achieved. It cannot replace it. Sanctions can preserve restrictions that were imposed. They do not in themselves guarantee that the regime will lose the ability to restore and bypass them.
Iran and China: The Significance of a Non-Decisive Outcome
An American failure in Iran will have significance extending beyond the Middle East.
There is no need to claim that every Iranian strengthening automatically becomes Chinese strengthening. However, Iran’s survival and renewed empowerment will strengthen Beijing’s sphere of influence in several ways.
First, they will leave China with a regional partner that opposes the American order and helps weaken it. Second, Iranian isolation will deepen Tehran’s economic and political dependence on China. Third, a prolonged Iranian threat will require the United States to allocate to the Middle East forces, attention, and resources it needs in the Indo-Pacific theater.
Thus, a non-decisive outcome in Iran may indirectly serve China — the competitor that the United States itself has defined as its main reference challenge and the only country that possesses both the intention and the growing capability to reshape the international order.
An Iran that continues to threaten the region and energy routes is not only a problem to be handled in the Middle East. It is also a mechanism that ties the United States to a secondary theater in terms of the global confrontation with China.
There Is No Choice But Decision
Hence the American choice is not between decision and cheap retreat. It is between decision initiated now and accumulative war that may continue until the price grows — without removing the threat that caused it to begin.
The meaning of “no choice” is decision: denial of the capabilities that enable the current regime to maintain its control, fund and operate the Iranian war system, and continue imposing its will by force.
This does not necessarily mean dismantling the Iranian state or disabling vital services to its population. A state and a regime are not the same thing. Deciding the regime should focus on the mechanisms connecting it to its political, economic, military, and coercive sources of power — those that enable it to control society, fund the war system, and operate it inside and outside Iran.
Denial of these mechanisms may lead to the disintegration of the regime and open the way for the rise of another government. However, regime change is not an outcome that the United States can fully guarantee or shape. The fall of a regime does not in itself guarantee that the next government will be stable, moderate, or pro-Western.
The outcome that the United States can impose is more precise: that the current regime, if it continues to exist, will remain without the ability to manage the war system through which it threatens the region and the world; and if its governing system disintegrates as a result of the denial of its capabilities, it will not be able to transfer the full existing war mechanism to its successors.
Decision does not have to be total war, full invasion, or occupation of the country. It requires identifying what enables the enemy system to continue functioning, concentrating effort there, and denying the capability required for continued effective action.
The Same Accumulative War — But Not the Same End Possibility
Trump is right that four months are not nineteen years. But every war that lasted nineteen years was once a four-month war.
The question is not how long the war has lasted so far, but what mechanism will bring it to an end.
If the United States continues to apply power to accumulate damage and change Iran’s will, without denying it the ability to continue operating, it has no real control over the duration of the war or its outcome. Control remains in Iran’s hands, because it will decide when the accumulated damage is sufficient to yield — if at all.
This was the problematic logic of graduated pressure and attrition war in Vietnam. This is also the risk inherent in accumulative denial in Iran.
New technology does not solve the problem. Precise intelligence, artificial intelligence, and standoff fire enable hitting more targets, faster and with precision that was not possible in the past. But they do not answer the question of what will decide the war system and how it can be done with the given resources.
The percentages President Trump mentioned describe how much of the tactical path has already been traveled. They do not prove that the path leads to any strategic goal.
In Vietnam, the United States could ultimately retreat and bear the price of failure. From Iran, it cannot simply leave and leave the existing power system intact, because that system will be able to recover, renew the war, and continue harming the region, the global economy, and America’s standing — and thereby also serve China’s empowerment.
Therefore, degradation, punishment, or a temporary arrangement are no longer enough. The United States is required to identify the Iranian Inchon, concentrate effort there, and deny the regime the ability to continue managing the war effectively.
In Vietnam, it was ultimately possible to flee the war. From Iran, it may be possible to stop shooting — but it is impossible to flee the consequences.
There is no longer any point in waiting for the regime to change its will. It must be denied the ability to realize it.
And the question that concludes the discussion remains:
Is there a general who will be able to identify the Iranian Inchon and act accordingly?
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